Īs far as introducing the different liquidized chemicals and enzymes to an organ or tissue, perfusion and immersion decellularization techniques have been used. Though some methods are more commonly used, the exact combination of treatments is variable based on the tissue’s origin and what it is needed for. The researched methods of decellularization include physical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments. Because of the diverse applications of tissue in the human body, decellularization techniques have to be tailored to the specific tissue being exercised on. The steps to go from a decellularized ECM scaffold to a functional organ is under the umbrella of recellularization. This process of decellularizing tissues and organs is still being developed, but the exact process of taking a tissue from a donor and removing all the cellular components is considered to be the decellularization process. The progenitor cells can be taken from the host, therefore they will not have an adverse response to the tissue. By removing the cells from a donor tissue, the immunogenic antibodies from the donor will be removed. After acquiring the ECM scaffold, scientists can recellularize the tissue with potent stem or progenitor cells that will differentiate into the original type of tissue. Researchers are able to take the tissue from a donor or cadaver, lyse and kill the cells within the tissue without damaging the extracellular components, and finish with a product that is the natural ECM scaffold that has the same physical and biochemical functions of the natural tissue. Complete organ reconstruction is still in the early levels of development. The applications to the decellularizing method of producing a biomaterial scaffold for tissue regeneration are present in cardiac, dermal, pulmonary, renal, and other types of tissues. The success of decellularization varies based on the components and density of the applied tissue and its origin. Proper conservation of ECM fibers, growth factors, and other proteins is imperative to the progenitor cells differentiating into the proper adult cells. In contrast to cell surface antibodies, the biochemical components of the ECM are conserved between hosts, so the risk of a hostile immune response is minimized. The produced organ or tissue can be transplanted into a patient. Scientists can use the acquired ECM scaffold to reproduce a functional organ by introducing progenitor cells, or adult stem cells (ASCs), and allowing them to differentiate within the scaffold to develop into the desired tissue. With a wide variety of decellularization-inducing treatments available, combinations of physical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments are carefully monitored to ensure that the ECM scaffold maintains the structural and chemical integrity of the original tissue. Using peracetic acid to decellularize ECM scaffolds have been found to be false and only disinfects the tissue. Nowadays, commercially available ECM scaffolds are available for a wide variety of tissue engineering. By recellularizing an ECM scaffold with a patient’s own cells, the adverse immune response is eliminated. This process creates a natural biomaterial to act as a scaffold for cell growth, differentiation and tissue development. Badylak pioneered the process of decellularization at the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Pittsburgh. Because of unfavorable immune responses, transplant patients suffer a lifetime taking immunosuppressing medication. One of the greatest limitations to organ transplantation derives from organ rejection caused by antibodies of the transplant recipient reacting to donor antigens on cell surfaces within the donor organ. Organ and tissue transplantation treat a variety of medical problems, ranging from end organ failure to cosmetic surgery. Decellularization (also spelled decellularisation in British English) is the process used in biomedical engineering to isolate the extracellular matrix (ECM) of a tissue from its inhabiting cells, leaving an ECM scaffold of the original tissue, which can be used in artificial organ and tissue regeneration.
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